Turbines #
A turbine is a rotary machine that converts fluid energy (steam, gas, water, wind) into mechanical rotation.
Types #
| Type | Fluid | Efficiency | Application |
|---|---|---|---|
| Steam | High-pressure steam | 35-45% | Thermal/nuclear plants |
| Gas | Combustion gas | 25-60% | Combined cycle, aviation |
| Hydraulic | Water | 85-95% | Hydroelectric plants |
| Wind | Air | 35-45% | Wind farms |
Hydraulic Turbines #
- Pelton: high head, low flow (water jet on buckets)
- Francis: medium head and flow (most common)
- Kaplan: low head, high flow (adjustable blades)
Impulse vs Reaction #
Impulse: fluid accelerated in nozzle, hits blades (Pelton). Reaction: fluid expands in the blades themselves (Francis, Kaplan).
Combined Cycle #
Gas turbine + steam turbine together → up to 60% efficiency, the highest for thermal generation.
Conclusion #
Turbines are the most important machines for electricity generation. Each type is optimized for its fluid and application.
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