The Operational Amplifier #
The operational amplifier (op-amp) is one of the most important components in analog electronics. It amplifies the difference between two input voltages with very high gain.
Golden Rules (ideal) #
- No current flows into the inputs
- \(V^+ = V^-\) (virtual short)
Inverting Amplifier #
\(V_o = -\frac{R_f}{R_1} \cdot V_{in}\) — output is inverted and amplified.
Non-Inverting Amplifier #
\(V_o = \left(1 + \frac{R_f}{R_1}\right) \cdot V_{in}\) — output keeps the same sign.
Conclusion #
The op-amp is the building block of analog electronics. With just a few resistors, you can build amplifiers, filters, oscillators and much more.
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